# Arithmetic operators in action
a = 10
b = 3

addition = a + b        # 13
subtraction = a - b     # 7
multiplication = a * b  # 30
division = a / b        # 3.3333333333333335
modulus = a % b         # 1
exponent = a ** b       # 1000
floor_div = a // b      # 3

print(f"Addition: {addition}")
print(f"Subtraction: {subtraction}")
print(f"Multiplication: {multiplication}")
print(f"Division: {division}")
print(f"Modulus: {modulus}")
print(f"Exponentiation: {exponent}")
print(f"Floor Division: {floor_div}")

# Assignment operators in action
x = 10
print(f"Initial value: {x}")  # 10

x += 5
print(f"After x += 5: {x}")  # 15

x -= 3
print(f"After x -= 3: {x}")  # 12

x *= 2
print(f"After x *= 2: {x}")  # 24

x /= 6
print(f"After x /= 6: {x}")  # 4.0

x %= 3
print(f"After x %= 3: {x}")  # 1.0

y = 2
y **= 3
print(f"After y **= 3: {y}")  # 8

y //= 3
print(f"After y //= 3: {y}")  # 2

# Comparison operators in action
a = 10
b = 5
c = 10

print(f"a == b: {a == b}")  # False
print(f"a != b: {a != b}")  # True
print(f"a > b: {a > b}")    # True
print(f"a < b: {a < b}")    # False
print(f"a >= c: {a >= c}")  # True
print(f"a <= c: {a <= c}")  # True

# Logical operators in action
x = 7

print(f"x > 5 and x < 10: {x > 5 and x < 10}")  # True
print(f"x > 5 and x > 10: {x > 5 and x > 10}")  # False
print(f"x > 5 or x > 10: {x > 5 or x > 10}")    # True
print(f"not(x > 5): {not(x > 5)}")              # False

# Identity operators in action
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [1, 2, 3]
c = a

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")      # False (different objects with same content)
print(f"a is c: {a is c}")      # True (same object)
print(f"a is not b: {a is not b}")  # True

# Membership operators in action
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
text = "Hello, World!"

print(f"'apple' in fruits: {'apple' in fruits}")           # True
print(f"'orange' in fruits: {'orange' in fruits}")         # False
print(f"'orange' not in fruits: {'orange' not in fruits}") # True
print(f"'H' in text: {'H' in text}")                       # True
print(f"'hello' in text: {'hello' in text}")               # False (case sensitive)

# Bitwise operators in action
a = 5  # 101 in binary
b = 3  # 011 in binary

print(f"a & b: {a & b}")    # 1 (001 in binary)
print(f"a | b: {a | b}")    # 7 (111 in binary)
print(f"a ^ b: {a ^ b}")    # 6 (110 in binary)
print(f"~a: {~a}")          # -6 (due to two's complement)
print(f"a << 1: {a << 1}")  # 10 (1010 in binary)
print(f"a >> 1: {a >> 1}")  # 2 (10 in binary)

# Operator precedence in action
x = 2 + 3 * 4     # 14, not 20 because * has higher precedence than +
print(f"2 + 3 * 4 = {x}")

y = (2 + 3) * 4   # 20, parentheses have highest precedence
print(f"(2 + 3) * 4 = {y}")

z = 2 ** 3 * 2    # 16, ** has higher precedence than *
print(f"2 ** 3 * 2 = {z}")

w = 5 + 4 > 3 + 2  # True, arithmetic operations before comparison
print(f"5 + 4 > 3 + 2: {w}")

v = not 1 + 2 == 3  # False, arithmetic and comparison before logical
print(f"not 1 + 2 == 3: {v}")

result = 10 + 5 * 2 - 3 / 2
print(f"10 + 5 * 2 - 3 / 2 = {result}")  # 18.5

is_valid = (age >= 18) and (country in ["USA", "Canada", "Mexico"])

has_permission = is_admin or (is_editor and document_owner)

greeting = "Hello, " + name + "! Welcome to " + platform
formatted_greeting = f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to {platform}"

def convert_temperature():
    """
    A function to convert temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit.
    Demonstrates operators and expressions in Python.
    """
    print("Temperature Converter")
    print("=====================")
    print("1. Celsius to Fahrenheit")
    print("2. Fahrenheit to Celsius")
    
    choice = int(input("Enter your choice (1/2): "))
    
    if choice == 1:
        # Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion
        celsius = float(input("Enter temperature in Celsius: "))
        
        # The conversion formula: F = (C × 9/5) + 32
        fahrenheit = (celsius * 9/5) + 32
        
        print(f"{celsius}°C is equal to {fahrenheit:.2f}°F")
        
        # Additional information using comparison operators
        if celsius < 0:
            print("That's below freezing!")
        elif celsius == 0:
            print("That's the freezing point of water.")
        elif celsius == 100:
            print("That's the boiling point of water at sea level.")
        elif celsius > 38:
            print("That's extremely hot!")
            
    elif choice == 2:
        # Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion
        fahrenheit = float(input("Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: "))
        
        # The conversion formula: C = (F - 32) × 5/9
        celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9
        
        print(f"{fahrenheit}°F is equal to {celsius:.2f}°C")
        
        # Additional information using logical operators
        if fahrenheit < 32:
            print("That's below freezing!")
        elif fahrenheit == 32:
            print("That's the freezing point of water.")
        elif fahrenheit == 212:
            print("That's the boiling point of water at sea level.")
        elif fahrenheit > 100 and celsius < 38:
            print("That's hot but not extremely hot in Celsius.")
        elif celsius >= 38:
            print("That's extremely hot!")
            
    else:
        print("Invalid choice. Please enter 1 or 2.")

# Call the function to run the temperature converter
convert_temperature()